Understanding Seizures: Exploring Types, Phases, and Treatment

/ Delta Emergency Support Training/

Introduction:

Seizures are neurological events characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can lead to a wide range of physical and mental symptoms. They affect millions of people worldwide and can be a result of various underlying conditions. In this blog, we will delve into the world of seizures, exploring their different types and understanding the phases that accompany them.

A middle aged woman assisting a older woman who is collapsed on the ground.

What are Seizures?

Seizures are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, including convulsions, altered consciousness, and unusual behaviors. They can occur as a result of various factors, such as epilepsy, head injuries, infections, stroke, or certain genetic disorders.

Types of Seizures:

There are several types of seizures, each presenting distinct characteristics and affecting individuals differently. Here are a few common types:

Grand Mal Seizure (Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure)

This is one of the most well-known types of seizures and often associated with epilepsy. Grand Mal seizures involve both hemispheres of the brain and can be divided into four phases:

Aura Phase:

Some individuals may experience warning signs or an aura before the seizure. These warning signs can vary, such as a strange smell, visual disturbances, or intense emotions.

Tonic Phase:

The tonic phase marks the beginning of the seizure, where the person loses consciousness and experiences muscle stiffness. They may fall to the ground and exhibit rigidity for a short period.

Clonic Phase:

The clonic phase follows the tonic phase, characterized by rhythmic jerking movements caused by alternating muscle contractions and relaxations. Breathing may be irregular during this phase.

Postictal Phase:

After the seizure subsides, the postictal phase begins. The person gradually regains consciousness but may feel confused, fatigued, or disoriented. They might also experience headaches or muscle soreness.

Febrile Seizure

Febrile seizures are seizures that occur in young children, usually between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, triggered by high fevers. They are relatively common and are typically brief, lasting only a few minutes. Febrile seizures often do not cause any long-term complications and tend to resolve on their own.

Absence Seizure

Absence seizures are characterized by a brief loss of consciousness, often lasting for a few seconds. They commonly affect children and can be mistaken for daydreaming or inattentiveness. During an absence seizure, the person may exhibit staring spells, slight twitching, and lack of responsiveness.

Seizures can be distressing and disruptive events that affect individuals of all ages. Understanding the different types of seizures and their accompanying phases is crucial for recognizing and managing them effectively. Whether it's the intense convulsions of a Grand Mal seizure, the brief episodes of absence seizures, or the fever-induced febrile seizures in children, each type requires appropriate care and support. If you or someone you know experiences seizures, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. By raising awareness and promoting understanding, we can create a more inclusive and supportive environment for those living with seizures.

How to Help

Witnessing someone having a Grand Mal seizure can be a frightening experience. However, knowing how to respond and provide assistance can make a significant difference in ensuring their safety and well-being. In this article, we will discuss important steps to help someone during a Grand Mal seizure.

Stay Calm and Assess the Situation:

Maintaining a calm demeanor is crucial during a seizure. Remember that a Grand Mal seizure typically follows a specific sequence of phases, including the aura phase, tonic phase, clonic phase, and postictal phase. Focus on the person's safety and provide support throughout the episode.

Protect the Person from Injury:

During a seizure, the individual may lose control of their body and experience intense muscle contractions. It's essential to create a safe environment to prevent any potential harm:

  • Clear the surroundings: Move away any sharp or dangerous objects that the person may come into contact with during the seizure.

  • Cushion the area: Place soft padding or cushions around the person to prevent injury from falls or head impacts.

  • Do not restrain: Avoid holding the person down or attempting to stop their movements forcefully, as this can cause additional harm.

  • Support the head: Gently cradle the person's head or place a soft object, like a pillow or folded clothing, under their head to protect it.

Time the Seizure:

It is helpful to note the duration of the seizure. Timing the seizure can assist medical professionals in assessing the situation and determining the appropriate treatment if necessary. Use a watch or clock to track the duration from the beginning to the end of the seizure.

Do Not Insert Objects or Restrict Breathing:

During a Grand Mal seizure, it is important to remember not to insert anything into the person's mouth. Contrary to popular belief, they cannot swallow their tongue. Inserting an object into their mouth can cause injury to the teeth, gums, or airway. Additionally, avoid attempting to restrict their movements or control their body.

Maintain a Safe Distance and Observe:

While providing support and ensuring safety, give the person space during the seizure. Avoid unnecessary touching or movement unless there is an immediate risk. Observe the person's movements and the sequence of the seizure, as this information can be helpful for medical professionals when assessing the situation.

Communicate and Reassure:

Although the person may not be fully conscious during the seizure, speaking calmly and reassuringly can provide comfort. Your voice may reach their subconscious mind, and hearing familiar tones can be reassuring during the postictal phase.

Stay with the Person During the Postictal Phase:

After the seizure ends, the person will enter the postictal phase. They may appear disoriented, fatigued, or confused. Stay with them, offering comfort and support. Speak calmly and help them reorient themselves to their surroundings. If necessary, provide assistance in contacting a medical professional or someone they trust.

Seek Medical Attention if Required: While most Grand Mal seizures end on their own, it is essential to seek medical attention in the following situations:

  • The seizure lasts longer than five minutes.

  • The person experiences difficulty breathing or has prolonged periods without breathing.

  • The person is injured during the seizure.

  • The seizure occurs in water or at a height, resulting in a risk of drowning or falling.